菜心無公害種植技術要點

一、播種育苗

可育(yu)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)移栽(zai)(zai)或(huo)者直(zhi)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)。生(sheng)產上大多采用(yong)育(yu)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)移栽(zai)(zai)的方式(shi)。育(yu)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)前應先整理苗(miao)(miao)(miao)床，作成(cheng)(cheng)1.2～1.5米寬的平(ping)畦(qi)，施入足(zu)量有(you)(you)機肥(fei)。播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)前澆水洇(yin)地(di)，撒(sa)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)。由于(yu)菜心種(zhong)(zhong)子粒小(xiao)，播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)(shi)可摻入3～4倍的細土(tu)或(huo)河沙拌勻(yun)。播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)后蓋(gai)一薄層細潮土(tu)。春季育(yu)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)一定要掌握好溫(wen)(wen)度，菜心種(zhong)(zhong)子發芽和(he)幼苗(miao)(miao)(miao)生(sheng)長(chang)適溫(wen)(wen)為(wei)(wei)25℃～30℃，室溫(wen)(wen)過(guo)低，會使幼苗(miao)(miao)(miao)提早通過(guo)春化，植株在(zai)未長(chang)成(cheng)(cheng)之前即開花抽薹，造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)失敗。幼苗(miao)(miao)(miao)在(zai)真葉展開后需間苗(miao)(miao)(miao)1～2次，苗(miao)(miao)(miao)距(ju)5厘米左右。當幼苗(miao)(miao)(miao)長(chang)出4～5片真葉時(shi)(shi)要及時(shi)(shi)定植，此時(shi)(shi)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)齡20～25天(tian)(tian)，即使晚熟品種(zhong)(zhong)也不宜(yi)超過(guo)30天(tian)(tian)。夏(xia)秋季節以直(zhi)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)為(wei)(wei)宜(yi)，直(zhi)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)畝用(yong)種(zhong)(zhong)量為(wei)(wei)250～300克。種(zhong)(zhong)植地(di)須(xu)施足(zu)有(you)(you)機質(zhi)肥(fei)料，并要求灌(guan)排水方便。春秋季用(yong)平(ping)畦(qi)，夏(xia)季宜(yi)用(yong)高畦(qi)栽(zai)(zai)培(pei)。條播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)或(huo)撒(sa)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)，條播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)時(shi)(shi)按行距(ju)15～20厘米開淺溝，撒(sa)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)。

二、定植

定(ding)植地應(ying)選擇肥(fei)沃的(de)(de)壤土，在(zai)定(ding)植前(qian)(qian)每畝施入3000公(gong)斤腐(fu)熟的(de)(de)有機(ji)肥(fei)，深翻后(hou)耙平，做(zuo)成1.2～1.5米寬的(de)(de)平畦(夏天(tian)用(yong)小高畦)。起(qi)(qi)苗(miao)(miao)前(qian)(qian)應(ying)先將苗(miao)(miao)床洇透(tou)，待水(shui)(shui)滲(shen)下后(hou)即(ji)可邊起(qi)(qi)苗(miao)(miao)邊定(ding)植。定(ding)植后(hou)隨即(ji)澆(jiao)水(shui)(shui)，過3～4天(tian)再澆(jiao)1次水(shui)(shui)，以利緩苗(miao)(miao)，并及時鋤劃。

三、田間管理

追(zhui)肥以速效氮肥為主，每(mei)(mei)(mei)5～7天追(zhui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)2次，每(mei)(mei)(mei)次每(mei)(mei)(mei)畝(mu)追(zhui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)有機肥5～10公斤，追(zhui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)后立即澆(jiao)水。另(ling)外，還應視苗情(qing)而定，菜薹(tai)細弱或發黃時應適(shi)當多施(shi)(shi)(shi)，多次采收(shou)的在采收(shou)一次后應及時施(shi)(shi)(shi)肥和(he)澆(jiao)水。

四、病蟲害防治

病(bing)害(hai)主要(yao)(yao)是霜霉病(bing)、軟(ruan)腐病(bing)和病(bing)毒(du)病(bing)。可用(yong)(yong)農用(yong)(yong)鏈霉素等噴(pen)霧(wu)防治(zhi)(zhi)，病(bing)毒(du)病(bing)重點在(zai)防治(zhi)(zhi)蚜蟲(chong)，初期可噴(pen)病(bing)毒(du)A。蟲(chong)害(hai)主要(yao)(yao)有菜青蟲(chong)、蚜蟲(chong)。