為(wei)了促進越冬油(you)菜早發(fa)壯(zhuang)苗，要在施足(zu)底肥(fei)、培育壯(zhuang)苗、及時移(yi)栽的基(ji)礎上，重點(dian)采取以下措施：

間苗定苗。要求早間(jian)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)，稀定苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)。掌握(wo)的(de)(de)原則是間(jian)密留稀，去(qu)弱留壯，調(diao)整株間(jian)距離，保(bao)持均勻。一般(ban)(ban)分兩次(ci)(ci)(ci)間(jian)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)，第一次(ci)(ci)(ci)在(zai)(zai)齊苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)后出現(xian)第一片真(zhen)葉(xie)時進行，間(jian)到(dao)葉(xie)不搭葉(xie)；第二次(ci)(ci)(ci)間(jian)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)在(zai)(zai)第二片真(zhen)葉(xie)出現(xian)時進行。三葉(xie)期進行定苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)，留苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)密度根(gen)據油(you)菜(cai)播種早遲(chi)、秧齡長短和秧苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)生長狀況而(er)定，一般(ban)(ban)保(bao)持苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)距7～10厘米。播種量小的(de)(de)可(ke)只(zhi)間(jian)一次(ci)(ci)(ci)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)。

早施、施足苗肥。試驗證明(ming)，苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)期缺(que)氮(dan)15天或缺(que)磷25天，油(you)菜畝產分(fen)別會減少(shao)27.4%和27.1%，移(yi)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)后5天追(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)的(de)(de)(de)比移(yi)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)后20天追(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)的(de)(de)(de)油(you)菜每畝增產24.3%。在(zai)(zai)干旱的(de)(de)(de)地(di)區和年份(fen)，施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)應(ying)結合澆(jiao)水進行，即帶(dai)水追(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)，以水促肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)。苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)期施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)量(liang)應(ying)占總施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)40%左右，在(zai)(zai)施(shi)足(zu)基肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)的(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu)上，追(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)施(shi)尿素等氮(dan)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)兩次(ci)。對移(yi)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)油(you)菜除應(ying)追(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)施(shi)2次(ci)氮(dan)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)外，還應(ying)適(shi)當追(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)施(shi)臘肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)一(yi)次(ci)。對直播油(you)菜，應(ying)在(zai)(zai)第一(yi)次(ci)間苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)時和定苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)后各追(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)一(yi)次(ci)。在(zai)(zai)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)期除應(ying)追(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)施(shi)氮(dan)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)外，還需注意追(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)施(shi)磷肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)。缺(que)磷會影響油(you)菜的(de)(de)(de)花芽分(fen)化和根系(xi)發育(yu)。另外苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)期還應(ying)注意硼肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)的(de)(de)(de)供給(gei)。

抗旱排漬。我國(guo)油(you)菜(cai)產區(qu)(qu)冬季(ji)少(shao)雨尤其是(shi)黃(huang)淮(huai)區(qu)(qu)和(he)(he)長(chang)江中游，秋(qiu)冬多干旱。當(dang)土壤(rang)相對濕度（田間最大(da)持水(shui)(shui)量(liang)）低(di)于(yu)70%時，油(you)菜(cai)下部(bu)葉片發(fa)紅，全株暗綠無光(guang)澤，或(huo)中午葉片萎(wei)蔫(nian)，就應立即灌溉(gai)，抗旱促早發(fa)。旱情較(jiao)輕時，可結(jie)合施(shi)提苗(miao)肥，澆水(shui)(shui)抗旱。干旱較(jiao)嚴重(zhong)時，可進(jin)行溝(gou)灌。澆水(shui)(shui)次數(shu)應根(gen)據苗(miao)情和(he)(he)土壤(rang)質(zhi)地(di)而定(ding)。也要視(shi)地(di)區(qu)(qu)條件而定(ding)，如黃(huang)淮(huai)油(you)菜(cai)產區(qu)(qu)，在(zai)秋(qiu)冬季(ji)和(he)(he)返青后要澆水(shui)(shui)5～6次。澆水(shui)(shui)時忌大(da)水(shui)(shui)漫(man)灌，以免油(you)菜(cai)受淹，土壤(rang)板結(jie)，影響根(gen)系(xi)發(fa)育，形成僵苗(miao)不(bu)發(fa)。在(zai)秋(qiu)雨多的地(di)區(qu)(qu)要注意(yi)清溝(gou)排漬，降低(di)地(di)下水(shui)(shui)位。

中耕松土。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)松(song)土(tu)應(ying)掌握早松(song)土(tu)、勤松(song)土(tu)的(de)(de)原則(ze)，并配合(he)(he)施肥、培土(tu)壅根(gen)等措施。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)松(song)土(tu)的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)和次(ci)(ci)數、深度應(ying)根(gen)據油(you)菜(cai)生(sheng)(sheng)長情(qing)況、土(tu)壤狀(zhuang)況、氣(qi)候特點和雜草生(sheng)(sheng)長情(qing)況而定(ding)。對直播油(you)菜(cai)，一般(ban)在全苗后出現2～3片真葉(xie)時(shi)(shi)(shi)結合(he)(he)間(jian)苗、追(zhui)(zhui)肥進行(xing)第(di)一次(ci)(ci)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)，當有4～5片真葉(xie)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，結合(he)(he)定(ding)苗、追(zhui)(zhui)肥進行(xing)第(di)二次(ci)(ci)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)，此后在低溫(wen)來臨之前再中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)一次(ci)(ci)。對移栽(zai)(zai)油(you)菜(cai)，應(ying)在幼(you)苗移栽(zai)(zai)返青后結合(he)(he)追(zhui)(zhui)肥進行(xing)第(di)一次(ci)(ci)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)，以后在冬(dong)前再進行(xing)1～2次(ci)(ci)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)。此外，在每(mei)次(ci)(ci)澆水(shui)和降雨后，也應(ying)適(shi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)進行(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)松(song)土(tu)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)深度宜(yi)先淺后深，避免(mian)傷根(gen)過多，即第(di)一次(ci)(ci)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)淺，第(di)二次(ci)(ci)、第(di)三次(ci)(ci)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)深。水(shui)田油(you)菜(cai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)可稍(shao)深，旺長油(you)菜(cai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)也應(ying)適(shi)當加深，以切斷(duan)部分根(gen)系，控制地上部分生(sheng)(sheng)長，使旺苗變壯苗。但(dan)在冬(dong)季較寒(han)冷年份和地區，為了防凍保濕，一般(ban)不宜(yi)進行(xing)深中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)松(song)土(tu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，一定(ding)要(yao)注(zhu)意培土(tu)壅根(gen)，以增強油(you)菜(cai)的(de)(de)抗寒(han)能(neng)力。