黨(dang)的(de)(de)十九大(da)首次明確提(ti)出實施鄉村(cun)振興戰(zhan)(zhan)略(lve),并作為(wei)(wei)七大(da)戰(zhan)(zhan)略(lve)之一寫入了黨(dang)章,2018年中央一號(hao)文件又進行了全(quan)面部署,這是以(yi)習近平同(tong)志為(wei)(wei)核心的(de)(de)黨(dang)中央在(zai)新(xin)時(shi)代著(zhu)眼于(yu)黨(dang)和(he)國(guo)家(jia)事(shi)業(ye)全(quan)局,深(shen)刻把(ba)握(wo)國(guo)情(qing)(qing)農(nong)(nong)(nong)情(qing)(qing),對三農(nong)(nong)(nong)工作作出的(de)(de)重大(da)戰(zhan)(zhan)略(lve)部署。加快推進農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)現代化,必須確保國(guo)家(jia)糧食安全(quan),把(ba)中國(guo)人的(de)(de)飯(fan)碗牢牢端在(zai)自己手中,堅持(chi)走綠(lv)色(se)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)可(ke)持(chi)續發展的(de)(de)路子,由增(zeng)產導(dao)向轉(zhuan)向提(ti)質導(dao)向,“讓(rang)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)有奔頭的(de)(de)產業(ye),讓(rang)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)有吸引力的(de)(de)職業(ye),讓(rang)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)安居樂(le)業(ye)的(de)(de)美麗家(jia)園”。

農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥是控制(zhi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)物災害,確保農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)穩產與(yu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)增收,保障(zhang)糧(liang)食(shi)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)的特(te)(te)(te)殊農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)投(tou)入(ru)品。其特(te)(te)(te)殊性(xing)在于(yu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥負(fu)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)給農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產品質量(liang)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)和(he)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環境安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)及農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)可持續發展帶來的風險。農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥的生(sheng)(sheng)產、經營、使用(yong)(yong)和(he)監管(guan)工作(zuo)的好壞,與(yu)實施(shi)鄉村(cun)(cun)振興(xing)(xing)戰略的產業(ye)(ye)興(xing)(xing)旺、生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)宜居(ju)、鄉風文(wen)明(ming)、治理有效和(he)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)富裕總要(yao)求所(suo)包(bao)含的最(zui)基本的農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)產安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產品質量(liang)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)、人畜健康安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)及生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環境安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)息息相關。因(yin)此,加強農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥等特(te)(te)(te)殊的現(xian)代農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)投(tou)入(ru)品監管(guan),對于(yu)實施(shi)鄉村(cun)(cun)的振興(xing)(xing)戰略,促進(jin)質量(liang)興(xing)(xing)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong),綠色(se)興(xing)(xing)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)意義(yi)十分重大(da)。

農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)監(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)須(xu)(xu)用(yong)(yong)綠水青山(shan)就是金山(shan)銀山(shan)的(de)(de)(de)新發展理(li)念(nian)為(wei)引領,全(quan)面貫徹(che)黨和(he)(he)國家(jia)實施鄉村振(zhen)興(xing)戰(zhan)略的(de)(de)(de)方針(zhen)政(zheng)策,有效(xiao)實施新修訂的(de)(de)(de)《農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)條例(li)》,強化(hua)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)安全(quan)性評(ping)價,狠(hen)抓(zhua)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)科學合理(li)使用(yong)(yong)。要服(fu)務農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)供(gong)給側結(jie)構性改革,發展高(gao)效(xiao)低(di)毒低(di)風險(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao),加快淘(tao)汰(tai)長殘留高(gao)毒高(gao)風險(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)。還要依法不斷提高(gao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)監(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)水平和(he)(he)效(xiao)率,建立健全(quan)覆(fu)蓋(gai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)生產(chan)經營使用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)監(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)體制(zhi)機制(zhi)。尤其是要抓(zhua)緊制(zhi)定和(he)(he)完(wan)善農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)系(xi)列風險(xian)評(ping)估的(de)(de)(de)技術標準(zhun),提高(gao)我國農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)登(deng)記評(ping)審和(he)(he)登(deng)記后再(zai)評(ping)審的(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)能(neng)。充分利用(yong)(yong)網絡等先進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)信息(xi)技術手段,盡快建造農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)大數(shu)據平臺,全(quan)面提升我國農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)現代化(hua)監(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)力(li)。對(dui)此必須(xu)(xu)高(gao)度重(zhong)視,密切關注,嚴(yan)格(ge)監(jian)控農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)對(dui)綠色農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)和(he)(he)可持續(xu)發展帶來的(de)(de)(de)一系(xi)列負面影(ying)響(xiang)。

一、 充分認識農藥是現代農業重要的不可或缺的特殊農業生產資料

農(nong)(nong)藥最大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意義在于對農(nong)(nong)作物生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)和糧(liang)食安全的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保護,減(jian)輕(qing)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)勞動(dong)強度,推(tui)進(jin)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)機(ji)械(xie)化(hua)和促(cu)進(jin)農(nong)(nong)作物新品(pin)種的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選育等(deng)。未(wei)來全球人(ren)口不斷(duan)增加與可耕地(di)面(mian)積有限(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)矛盾將日益激化(hua),受世界人(ren)口增長(chang)和糧(liang)食需求增加的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)推(tui)動(dong),使用農(nong)(nong)藥抗(kang)災防治農(nong)(nong)業(ye)有害生(sheng)(sheng)物,大幅減(jian)少(shao)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)損失以保障糧(liang)食安全是(shi)(shi)重要(yao)(yao)措施(shi)之(zhi)一。人(ren)口的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增加和人(ren)們對生(sheng)(sheng)活水平要(yao)(yao)求的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不斷(duan)提高,持(chi)續保障農(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)供給(gei)成為了(le)人(ren)類(lei)社會關(guan)注的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)問題。除草劑類(lei)農(nong)(nong)藥的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廣泛使用,大幅降低(di)了(le)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞動(dong)強度,有效地(di)解放(fang)了(le)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)力(li);植物生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)調節劑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應用有力(li)地(di)促(cu)進(jin)了(le)相(xiang)關(guan)農(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)園藝特征的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改進(jin)及其商品(pin)價值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提高,也促(cu)進(jin)了(le)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)機(ji)械(xie)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展,如機(ji)械(xie)化(hua)采棉。因此,農(nong)(nong)藥是(shi)(shi)現代農(nong)(nong)業(ye)重要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不可或(huo)缺(que)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特殊農(nong)(nong)業(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)資(zi)料(liao)和救災物資(zi)。

聯合國(guo)《世(shi)界(jie)人(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)展望:2015年(nian)修(xiu)訂》預測,2015年(nian)全球(qiu)人(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)約為73.49億(yi)(yi)人(ren)(ren),2030年(nian)和(he)2050年(nian),人(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)規模將分(fen)別上升(sheng)至85.01億(yi)(yi)人(ren)(ren)和(he)97.25億(yi)(yi)人(ren)(ren)。近(jin)年(nian)來(lai),全球(qiu)可耕(geng)地面(mian)積一(yi)直維持(chi)在14億(yi)(yi)公頃左右,受城市化、工(gong)業化等因素的(de)(de)影響,未來(lai)可耕(geng)地面(mian)積的(de)(de)增長空間極為有限,甚至存在減少(shao)的(de)(de)可能性(xing)。而在農(nong)(nong)林(lin)業生產中,全世(shi)界(jie)由于(yu)病、蟲、草、鼠害損失(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)作(zuo)物收(shou)(shou)獲量(liang)(liang)相當于(yu)潛在收(shou)(shou)獲量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)三分(fen)之一(yi),使用(yong)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao),能有力挽回農(nong)(nong)作(zuo)物產量(liang)(liang)損失(shi)(shi)。當今,全球(qiu)農(nong)(nong)業均已使用(yong)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao),但每年(nian)仍有四分(fen)之一(yi)的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)作(zuo)物損失(shi)(shi),經(jing)濟損失(shi)(shi)高達上千億(yi)(yi)美元,若(ruo)不使用(yong)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao),損失(shi)(shi)將翻番,有的(de)(de)甚至絕產絕收(shou)(shou)。

中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)是全(quan)球人(ren)口最大(da)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)和(he)(he)(he)農業大(da)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),但(dan)人(ren)均(jun)耕(geng)地(di)資(zi)源不(bu)足(zu)世界(jie)平均(jun)水平的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)半,糧(liang)、棉(mian)、油、糖(tang)、果、菜(cai)、茶(cha)等(deng)主要農作(zuo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種植(zhi)面積和(he)(he)(he)總產量均(jun)居(ju)世界(jie)前列。由于生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)條件復(fu)雜,中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)又是一(yi)個農作(zuo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)有害(hai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)多(duo)發(fa)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),農作(zuo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)病(bing)(bing)、蟲、草、鼠等(deng)有害(hai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)高達(da)上(shang)(shang)千種,常年(nian)可造成(cheng)嚴重(zhong)危害(hai)的(de)(de)(de)有百(bai)余(yu)種。近些年(nian)來,全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)每(mei)年(nian)農牧(mu)林的(de)(de)(de)病(bing)(bing)蟲草鼠害(hai)等(deng)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)面積在(zai)90多(duo)億畝次,其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)病(bing)(bing)蟲害(hai)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)面積占(zhan)70%以(yi)上(shang)(shang)。頻繁發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)或(huo)大(da)規模發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)病(bing)(bing)蟲害(hai),會造成(cheng)農牧(mu)林生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產重(zhong)大(da)損失(shi),施(shi)用(yong)農藥(yao)是目前快速、高效、簡便(bian)、必要的(de)(de)(de)防治(zhi)手段。我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)常年(nian)防治(zhi)各有害(hai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)面積在(zai)100多(duo)億畝次,有效地(di)保證了全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)農牧(mu)林生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產的(de)(de)(de)安全(quan),每(mei)年(nian)挽(wan)(wan)回(hui)(hui)糧(liang)食(shi)損失(shi)1000多(duo)億公(gong)斤,挽(wan)(wan)回(hui)(hui)棉(mian)花損失(shi)15億公(gong)斤左右,挽(wan)(wan)回(hui)(hui)油料損失(shi)36多(duo)億公(gong)斤,還挽(wan)(wan)回(hui)(hui)數量巨大(da)的(de)(de)(de)果菜(cai)茶(cha)等(deng)經濟作(zuo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)損失(shi)。我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)農業年(nian)年(nian)豐(feng)收,糧(liang)食(shi)連(lian)續十幾年(nian)增產,農藥(yao)的(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)功不(bu)可沒。農藥(yao)對草場(chang)和(he)(he)(he)林業生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產保護(hu)的(de)(de)(de)意義也很大(da)。

未來我國的(de)人口將持(chi)續增(zeng)加(jia),老齡(ling)化加(jia)重(zhong),農(nong)(nong)業勞(lao)動力嚴重(zhong)缺(que)失(shi),農(nong)(nong)業生產使(shi)用農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)更(geng)是必不可(ke)少。隨著全球氣(qi)候變(bian)暖,極端天氣(qi)增(zeng)多(duo),農(nong)(nong)作(zuo)(zuo)物病蟲害呈(cheng)頻發(fa)、重(zhong)發(fa)趨勢,加(jia)之國外(wai)重(zhong)大危險(xian)性有害生物入(ru)侵的(de)數量劇增(zeng),頻率在加(jia)快(kuai)。因此,農(nong)(nong)藥(yao),特(te)別是高效低毒(du)低風(feng)險(xian)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)的(de)使(shi)用,對(dui)確保廣大民眾對(dui)美好生活(huo)向往的(de)農(nong)(nong)產品供給需求(qiu),具(ju)有不可(ke)替代的(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用。

二、中國農藥產業發展迅猛已是全球農藥生產貿易使用第一大國

中國(guo)是(shi)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)最早的(de)國(guo)家之一,有著上千年(nian)的(de)悠久歷(li)史,但化(hua)學(xue)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)還(huan)是(shi)從西(xi)方全面引(yin)進的(de)。二十(shi)世(shi)紀(ji)三(san)十(shi)年(nian)代,化(hua)學(xue)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)在(zai)歐洲研發(fa)成功之后(hou)(hou),隨著石(shi)油農(nong)(nong)業(ye)的(de)發(fa)展而迅(xun)速(su)發(fa)展,并在(zai)世(shi)界范(fan)圍(wei)內廣泛應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。我國(guo)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)起步較晚,但發(fa)展迅(xun)猛,化(hua)學(xue)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)始(shi)于(yu)新中國(guo)成立之初,二十(shi)世(shi)紀(ji)七十(shi)年(nian)代中后(hou)(hou)期,尤其(qi)是(shi)改革開放后(hou)(hou),農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)大發(fa)展,農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)大面積推廣使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong),農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)能力快速(su)提升(sheng),農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)貿易(yi)翻番增長,在(zai)十(shi)幾年(nian)時間里,由一個(ge)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)凈進口國(guo),變(bian)成了農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)出(chu)口量遠(yuan)大于(yu)進口量的(de)國(guo)家。到2005年(nian),我國(guo)已成為世(shi)界農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)、貿易(yi)、使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)第一大國(guo),在(zai)全球農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)市場中具有舉足(zu)輕(qing)重的(de)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)。

我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)已形(xing)成了包括科研(yan)開(kai)發(fa)、原藥(yao)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)、制(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)加工、原材料及中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間體配套等(deng)(deng)(deng)較(jiao)為完整的(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)工業(ye)(ye)體系(xi),是(shi)全球(qiu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)原料、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間體和(he)(he)助(zhu)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)到制(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)等(deng)(deng)(deng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)最完整的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia),能生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)500多種有(you)效(xiao)成分的(de)(de)(de)原藥(yao)和(he)(he)制(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。目前,我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)各類(lei)(lei)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)企業(ye)(ye)2500家(jia)左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you),農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)年(nian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)(折百量(liang))150萬(wan)噸左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)。50%左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)企業(ye)(ye)集中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)東部地(di)區(qu),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)部地(di)區(qu)占(zhan)35%左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you),西部地(di)區(qu)占(zhan)15%左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)。江蘇、山東、河南、河北(bei)、浙江等(deng)(deng)(deng)5省農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)產(chan)(chan)(chan)值占(zhan)全國(guo)(guo)(guo)2/3以上。具備(bei)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)殺(sha)蟲劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、殺(sha)菌劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)除草劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)等(deng)(deng)(deng)三大類(lei)(lei)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao),分別占(zhan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)36%、26%和(he)(he)36%。生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)型種類(lei)(lei)齊全,除乳油(you)、可濕(shi)性(xing)粉(fen)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、顆粒(li)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、毒餌、煙劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、氣霧劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)等(deng)(deng)(deng)常規劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)型外(wai),還大量(liang)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)水劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、懸浮劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、水乳劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、微乳劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、微囊劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)水分散粒(li)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)等(deng)(deng)(deng)環保(bao)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)型,以及飛防使用的(de)(de)(de)超低容量(liang)制(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。但我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)企業(ye)(ye)正(zheng)處在(zai)由(you)仿(fang)(fang)制(zhi)(zhi)為主(zhu)(zhu)轉(zhuan)向仿(fang)(fang)制(zhi)(zhi)與自主(zhu)(zhu)創新相結合(he)的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)渡(du)階段,目前我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)登記的(de)(de)(de)600多種(有(you)效(xiao)成分)化(hua)學農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),85%以上是(shi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)外(wai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)企業(ye)(ye)所創制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)。

國(guo)(guo)家統計局的(de)(de)(de)(de)數據顯示,2014年(nian)(nian)(nian)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)化(hua)學農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)產量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(實物(wu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang))已經突破(po)370萬噸(dun),2016年(nian)(nian)(nian)化(hua)學農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)產量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(實物(wu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang))已達(da)到377.8萬噸(dun)。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)工業協會統計,近(jin)幾年(nian)(nian)(nian)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)生產總(zong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(折(zhe)(zhe)百(bai)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang))在(zai)130萬噸(dun)左(zuo)右。自(zi)(zi)1993年(nian)(nian)(nian)開始,我(wo)國(guo)(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)出(chu)(chu)口(kou)(kou)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)超過進(jin)(jin)口(kou)(kou)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。據海關相關數據統計分(fen)析(xi),近(jin)幾年(nian)(nian)(nian),涉(she)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)(jin)出(chu)(chu)口(kou)(kou)企業有1000多(duo)(duo)家,農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)進(jin)(jin)出(chu)(chu)口(kou)(kou)貨物(wu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)160萬噸(dun)左(zuo)右,進(jin)(jin)出(chu)(chu)口(kou)(kou)額(e)80多(duo)(duo)億(yi)美元。其中(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)(chu)口(kou)(kou)目標市場(chang)(chang)達(da)170多(duo)(duo)個國(guo)(guo)家(地區),農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)出(chu)(chu)口(kou)(kou)貨物(wu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)150多(duo)(duo)萬噸(dun),金額(e)70多(duo)(duo)億(yi)美元;進(jin)(jin)口(kou)(kou)來源地近(jin)40個國(guo)(guo)家(地區),農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)進(jin)(jin)口(kou)(kou)貨物(wu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)不足10萬噸(dun),金額(e)7億(yi)美元左(zuo)右。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)(nian)貨物(wu)交易(yi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)占全(quan)球農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)貿易(yi)總(zong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一半,農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)出(chu)(chu)口(kou)(kou)基本覆(fu)蓋(gai)了全(quan)球農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)市場(chang)(chang),成為世(shi)界農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)出(chu)(chu)口(kou)(kou)數量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)第(di)一大國(guo)(guo)。隨(sui)著農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)使(shi)用(yong)范圍與面(mian)積的(de)(de)(de)(de)增加,加之農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)作物(wu)病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)草(cao)害抗(kang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)增強,我(wo)國(guo)(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)作物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)使(shi)用(yong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)也大幅增加,上(shang)(shang)世(shi)紀(ji)七、八(ba)十年(nian)(nian)(nian)代,全(quan)國(guo)(guo)主(zhu)要農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)作物(wu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)使(shi)用(yong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)10萬噸(dun)(折(zhe)(zhe)百(bai)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang))左(zuo)右,九十年(nian)(nian)(nian)代在(zai)15萬噸(dun)(折(zhe)(zhe)百(bai)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)),上(shang)(shang)世(shi)紀(ji)末達(da)25萬噸(dun)(折(zhe)(zhe)百(bai)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)),近(jin)幾年(nian)(nian)(nian)高達(da)30多(duo)(duo)萬噸(dun)(折(zhe)(zhe)百(bai)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang))。農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)作物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重大病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)害主(zhu)要依(yi)靠化(hua)學防治(zhi),耕地單位面(mian)積的(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)使(shi)用(yong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)是(shi)世(shi)界平均水平的(de)(de)(de)(de)2.5倍。農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)還廣泛應(ying)用(yong)于草(cao)原、山林(lin)、草(cao)坪等病(bing)、蟲(chong)(chong)、鼠害的(de)(de)(de)(de)防治(zhi),以及家庭衛生用(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)。由(you)此(ci)可見,中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)自(zi)(zi)產農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)60%以上(shang)(shang)用(yong)于出(chu)(chu)口(kou)(kou),國(guo)(guo)內使(shi)用(yong)不到40%。

與世界其(qi)他國(guo)家農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)行(xing)業(ye)的(de)(de)高度集中比較,我國(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)生(sheng)(sheng)產企(qi)業(ye)數量(liang)多(duo),絕大多(duo)數規(gui)模偏小。目前登(deng)記農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產企(qi)業(ye)有2300多(duo)家,呈小、散、多(duo)局面,登(deng)記農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(有效成份)660多(duo)種(zhong),農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)產品(pin)(pin)3.5萬(wan)多(duo)個,相同(tong)(tong)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)的(de)(de)產品(pin)(pin)太多(duo)。農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)行(xing)業(ye)發(fa)展累(lei)積的(de)(de)深層次(ci)矛盾非常突出:重(zhong)復建設導致產能嚴(yan)重(zhong)過剩、社會資源(yuan)浪費、產品(pin)(pin)同(tong)(tong)質(zhi)化(hua)嚴(yan)重(zhong);企(qi)業(ye)科技創(chuang)新(xin)能力(li)不(bu)足(zu)(zu),以企(qi)業(ye)為(wei)(wei)主體的(de)(de)技術創(chuang)新(xin)體系未形成;農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)污染(ran)物缺乏有效處(chu)理手段,對生(sheng)(sheng)態環(huan)境(jing)極為(wei)(wei)不(bu)利,農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)產品(pin)(pin)質(zhi)量(liang)也不(bu)能滿足(zu)(zu)綠色農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)產的(de)(de)需要,等(deng)等(deng)。因此(ci),助力(li)鄉村振(zhen)興(xing)戰略的(de)(de)實施,深入進行(xing)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)供給側結構性改革任重(zhong)道遠。

三、必須高度重視嚴密監控農藥的負作用

人(ren)們使(shi)(shi)用(yong)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de),是利用(yong)其(qi)毒(du)(du)性殺滅侵害(hai)人(ren)類(lei)利益的(de)(de)(de)其(qi)它生物(wu)。因此,不(bu)合理使(shi)(shi)用(yong)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)會(hui)產生農(nong)作物(wu)藥(yao)(yao)害(hai)、人(ren)畜中(zhong)毒(du)(du)、環境(jing)污(wu)染、生態平(ping)衡破壞、食品不(bu)安全(quan)等一系(xi)列問題(ti)。近百年(nian),由于(yu)長期依賴(lai)和(he)大量使(shi)(shi)用(yong)化學農(nong)藥(yao)(yao),給人(ren)類(lei)和(he)和(he)自然環境(jing)造成的(de)(de)(de)危(wei)害(hai),對農(nong)業(ye)可(ke)持(chi)續(xu)發(fa)展已構成嚴重威(wei)脅。特(te)別(bie)是在發(fa)展中(zhong)國家,劇高毒(du)(du)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)還大量存在,農(nong)民使(shi)(shi)用(yong)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)技術水平(ping)低下(xia),又缺乏(fa)安全(quan)防(fang)護知識及(ji)必(bi)要的(de)(de)(de)裝(zhuang)備,農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)中(zhong)毒(du)(du)和(he)環境(jing)污(wu)染問題(ti)更加突(tu)出。全(quan)球每年(nian)有上(shang)百萬(wan)人(ren)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)中(zhong)毒(du)(du),農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)污(wu)染環境(jing)和(he)破壞生態平(ping)衡,影(ying)響農(nong)業(ye)可(ke)持(chi)續(xu)發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)現象不(bu)可(ke)掉以輕心(xin)。

農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)生產(chan)(chan)和使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)科(ke)技(ji)(ji)含(han)量(liang)很高,對農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)生產(chan)(chan)者(zhe)(zhe)和使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)者(zhe)(zhe)的(de)科(ke)技(ji)(ji)素質要(yao)求也很高。我國(guo)(guo)農(nong)(nong)業生產(chan)(chan)方式和科(ke)學種田技(ji)(ji)術水(shui)平與(yu)(yu)先進國(guo)(guo)家(jia)比,還較為落后(hou),農(nong)(nong)業用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)大(da)(da)(da)部(bu)分(fen)還是(shi)單家(jia)獨(du)戶(hu)分(fen)散(san)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong),使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)者(zhe)(zhe)多數文化水(shui)平不高,沒有受過專業技(ji)(ji)術培訓(xun)。用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)帶有極強的(de)隨意性(xing)和盲目性(xing),濫(亂)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)問題(ti)突出(chu):購藥(yao)(yao)從眾,配(pei)藥(yao)(yao)隨意,施(shi)(shi)藥(yao)(yao)水(shui)平低(di),自我防護差;片(pian)面追求防治效果,農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)浪費(fei)很大(da)(da)(da),利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)率(lv)很低(di);使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)的(de)環保意識也很差,隨便在河流、池(chi)塘、水(shui)井(jing)等處(chu)配(pei)藥(yao)(yao)與(yu)(yu)沖洗施(shi)(shi)藥(yao)(yao)器械(xie),農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)包裝物(wu)、殘留物(wu)亂扔(reng)亂丟等現象還相當普(pu)遍。加之施(shi)(shi)藥(yao)(yao)機械(xie)也很簡陋,農(nong)(nong)民使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)施(shi)(shi)藥(yao)(yao)機械(xie)有80%以上是(shi)國(guo)(guo)產(chan)(chan)的(de)處(chu)于發達國(guo)(guo)家(jia)上世紀中旬(xun)的(de)水(shui)平,質量(liang)差,“跑(pao)冒滴漏”問題(ti)突出(chu),加大(da)(da)(da)了農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)危害的(de)發生。近二十年(nian)由農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)引起(qi)的(de)一系列問題(ti)已成(cheng)為廣大(da)(da)(da)民眾最(zui)關注(zhu)的(de)重要(yao)焦(jiao)點之一。

傳(chuan)統的長(chang)殘留高(gao)(gao)毒高(gao)(gao)風險農藥造成(cheng)了巨大的環境污染和生(sheng)(sheng)態破壞,對(dui)人畜健(jian)康造成(cheng)危(wei)害,對(dui)其他生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)的生(sheng)(sheng)存也(ye)帶來嚴(yan)重(zhong)威(wei)脅,對(dui)社(she)會穩定和經(jing)濟平穩增長(chang)埋下隱患,因此,農藥的減量控害、合理(li)利用、綜合治理(li)已(yi)刻不容(rong)緩,迫在眉睫。

一(yi)是農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)負(fu)(fu)作用對(dui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)境的危害(hai)(hai)。在(zai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)大(da)(da)規模應用之(zhi)初(chu),著重于(yu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)的毒性及(ji)(ji)有效性,研發上(shang)強調(diao)殺(sha)蟲、殺(sha)菌(jun)及(ji)(ji)除草的功(gong)效,卻往(wang)往(wang)附(fu)帶著損害(hai)(hai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)作物本身,也一(yi)并將有益(yi)的昆蟲或微生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物等殺(sha)滅,甚至對(dui)土壤(rang)(rang)及(ji)(ji)水資(zi)源環(huan)(huan)境造成(cheng)危害(hai)(hai)。長期大(da)(da)量不(bu)加(jia)節制地(di)濫用化(hua)(hua)學農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao),農(nong)(nong)(nong)業面(mian)源污(wu)染日益(yi)嚴(yan)(yan)重,導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物多樣性遭到破(po)壞,病蟲草抗藥(yao)(yao)(yao)性上(shang)升,農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)殘(can)留增加(jia)和(he)病蟲害(hai)(hai)再增猖獗,已(yi)成(cheng)為世界(jie)性難(nan)題。大(da)(da)量農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)殘(can)留物積累于(yu)土壤(rang)(rang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),流(liu)失到水域中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),散發在(zai)空氣(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)境逐年惡(e)化(hua)(hua),一(yi)些土壤(rang)(rang)、湖泊、河流(liu)、地(di)下(xia)水和(he)沿海海洋,甚至空氣(qi)受到污(wu)染。現在(zai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業化(hua)(hua)學物和(he)其它(ta)污(wu)染物已(yi)經超出自(zi)然(ran)凈化(hua)(hua)的負(fu)(fu)載能(neng)力(li)。國(guo)(guo)家(jia)環(huan)(huan)保部門公布(bu)的資(zi)料顯示(shi),全(quan)國(guo)(guo)受污(wu)染的耕(geng)地(di)面(mian)積約占耕(geng)地(di)總面(mian)積的兩成(cheng),造成(cheng)大(da)(da)量土壤(rang)(rang)重金屬、激(ji)素(su)等的有機(ji)(ji)污(wu)染,其惡(e)果是破(po)壞土壤(rang)(rang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)境,傷害(hai)(hai)有益(yi)土壤(rang)(rang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物,致(zhi)使(shi)土壤(rang)(rang)地(di)力(li)肥力(li)嚴(yan)(yan)重下(xia)降(jiang)。全(quan)國(guo)(guo)土壤(rang)(rang)普查資(zi)料顯示(shi),我(wo)國(guo)(guo)土壤(rang)(rang)有機(ji)(ji)質(zhi)含量平均(jun)由上(shang)世紀(ji)五(wu)十(shi)年代(dai)的3%左右降(jiang)到不(bu)足1.5%,其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有十(shi)分(fen)之(zhi)一(yi)以(yi)上(shang)的耕(geng)地(di)低于(yu)0.6%。不(bu)僅綜合治(zhi)理難(nan)度大(da)(da),而且嚴(yan)(yan)重影響了農(nong)(nong)(nong)業可持續發展。

化學農藥(yao)還使病蟲(chong)草害(hai)(hai)的(de)抗藥(yao)性(xing)迅速產生,農藥(yao)的(de)濃(nong)度(du)越用(yong)越大(da)(da),防治效(xiao)果越來越差(cha)。我國主要(yao)農業害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)很早都產生了抗藥(yao)性(xing),最(zui)典(dian)型的(de)是棉鈴蟲(chong),上世紀九十年(nian)代,在(zai)華(hua)北棉區造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)毀滅性(xing)的(de)災害(hai)(hai)。農藥(yao)廣泛應用(yong),甚至(zhi)濫(亂(luan))用(yong)和(he)過度(du)使用(yong),殺傷了大(da)(da)量病蟲(chong)天敵,諸如某些土壤微(wei)生物、天敵昆蟲(chong)、蜂類、鳥類、蛙類、蛇類等(deng)數量銳減,破(po)壞了生態平衡,造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)目標害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)再猖(chang)獗(jue)和(he)次要(yao)害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)上升為主要(yao)害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong),使害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)大(da)(da)發生頻率增(zeng)加,大(da)(da)幅增(zeng)加了農業生產成(cheng)本。

二是(shi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)負作用造成(cheng)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)品質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)不安(an)全(quan)(quan)。化(hua)學(xue)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)的廣泛使用,投入(ru)過(guo)量(liang)(liang)(liang),造成(cheng)部分農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)品有(you)害(hai)物(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)嚴(yan)重超標,農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)品質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)降低,以(yi)致消費者(zhe)食(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)毒等惡性(xing)事(shi)件(jian)時(shi)有(you)發(fa)生。“毒豇豆”、“毒韭菜”、“毒姜”、“爆炸西瓜”、“催熟香蕉”、“不落花黃瓜”、“毒茶”等事(shi)件(jian),在社會(hui)上反響十分強(qiang)烈。農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)殘留超標是(shi)影(ying)響農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)品質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)安(an)全(quan)(quan)的重要因子,絕(jue)大部分發(fa)展(zhan)中(zhong)(zhong)國家,人們以(yi)糧食(shi)、蔬菜和水果等植物(wu)(wu)(wu)性(xing)食(shi)品為(wei)主(zhu),我國膳食(shi)結構(gou)中(zhong)(zhong)植物(wu)(wu)(wu)性(xing)食(shi)品也(ye)(ye)在70%以(yi)上,其質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)和安(an)全(quan)(quan)與(yu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)直接(jie)相(xiang)關。農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)品農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)殘留超標不僅影(ying)響食(shi)品質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)安(an)全(quan)(quan),也(ye)(ye)影(ying)響農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)品的出口貿易,降低了農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)品的國際(ji)競爭力,甚至影(ying)響到農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)產(chan)業(ye)的發(fa)展(zhan)。

2015年(nian)北(bei)京草莓(mei)殘(can)存除草劑事件(jian)就(jiu)對當年(nian)全(quan)國(guo)草莓(mei)的生(sheng)產(chan)和銷售造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)重大(da)影(ying)響,產(chan)業(ye)損失很大(da)。農藥(yao)(yao)殘(can)留(liu)超標(biao)(biao),使得(de)農產(chan)品(pin)出(chu)口(kou)(kou)貿易(yi)摩(mo)擦愈演(yan)愈烈。我(wo)國(guo)每(mei)年(nian)僅僅因(yin)為(wei)農藥(yao)(yao)殘(can)留(liu)污染或者有害(hai)生(sheng)物問(wen)題,引起國(guo)際農產(chan)品(pin)退貨或處理所造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)的直接經濟損失在(zai)100億美(mei)元左右,農藥(yao)(yao)等毒物殘(can)留(liu)已(yi)成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)困擾(rao)農產(chan)品(pin)出(chu)口(kou)(kou)的主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)原因(yin)。歐美(mei)、日(ri)(ri)本(ben)等國(guo)家為(wei)了保(bao)護(hu)自身農業(ye)利益,不斷提(ti)高(gao)農產(chan)品(pin)中(zhong)有毒有害(hai)物質殘(can)留(liu)量(liang)的檢(jian)測(ce)標(biao)(biao)準,通(tong)過(guo)技術壁壘限制國(guo)外農產(chan)品(pin)的輸(shu)入(ru)。例如(ru),日(ri)(ri)本(ben)加強了對中(zhong)國(guo)進(jin)口(kou)(kou)鮮(xian)菜(cai)和冷凍蔬(shu)菜(cai)的檢(jian)查(cha)力度,采取(qu)了近(jin)乎(hu)苛刻(ke)的檢(jian)測(ce)手段,加上日(ri)(ri)本(ben)一些媒體不斷就(jiu)中(zhong)國(guo)蔬(shu)菜(cai)農藥(yao)(yao)殘(can)留(liu)超標(biao)(biao)大(da)做文章(zhang),造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)國(guo)農產(chan)品(pin)出(chu)口(kou)(kou)日(ri)(ri)本(ben)市(shi)場總量(liang)下降。2007年(nian)起,歐盟執行新的茶葉農藥(yao)(yao)殘(can)留(liu)限量(liang)標(biao)(biao)準,新標(biao)(biao)準不僅擴大(da)了檢(jian)測(ce)項目,且大(da)幅度提(ti)高(gao)標(biao)(biao)準要(yao)(yao)求,我(wo)國(guo)一些著名茶葉的出(chu)口(kou)(kou)受到很大(da)影(ying)響。

三(san)是農(nong)藥負作用(yong)危(wei)害(hai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)類身體(ti)健(jian)康(kang)。農(nong)藥經消化(hua)(hua)道(dao)、呼吸(xi)道(dao)和皮膚(fu)三(san)條途徑進入人(ren)(ren)(ren)體(ti),嚴(yan)(yan)重威(wei)脅人(ren)(ren)(ren)們的生(sheng)(sheng)命安全,危(wei)害(hai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)身健(jian)康(kang),包括(kuo)急(ji)性(xing)中毒(du)、慢性(xing)中毒(du)、致(zhi)癌致(zhi)畸致(zhi)突(tu)(tu)變(bian)等。世界衛生(sheng)(sheng)組織曾發(fa)布調(diao)查報告稱,農(nong)藥殘留已(yi)經危(wei)害(hai)到(dao)了人(ren)(ren)(ren)類的生(sheng)(sheng)命安全,糧食(shi)、蔬菜(cai)、水果(guo)等農(nong)藥殘留長期累積在人(ren)(ren)(ren)體(ti)內,可以誘發(fa)基(ji)因突(tu)(tu)變(bian),致(zhi)使癌變(bian)、畸形的比例和可能(neng)性(xing)提高(gao),對人(ren)(ren)(ren)體(ti)內的酶和生(sheng)(sheng)殖(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)構成(cheng)(cheng)嚴(yan)(yan)重威(wei)脅。農(nong)藥毒(du)素在人(ren)(ren)(ren)體(ti)內長期積累會損害(hai)大腦、肝腎(shen)、心臟、生(sheng)(sheng)殖(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)等器官功(gong)能(neng),造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)免(mian)疫功(gong)能(neng)下降,誘發(fa)疾病(bing),甚至造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)青(qing)壯年不(bu)育不(bu)孕(yun)。調(diao)查發(fa)現,經常接觸農(nong)藥的農(nong)民(min)患(huan)帕(pa)金森病(bing)的幾率比那些沒有(you)接觸過農(nong)藥的人(ren)(ren)(ren)高(gao)出90%。歐美一些國家研究表明,經常食(shi)用(yong)受到(dao)農(nong)藥等化(hua)(hua)學物污染農(nong)產品,對人(ren)(ren)(ren)身,特別是胎(tai)兒(er)和嬰(ying)幼兒(er)的成(cheng)(cheng)長造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)嚴(yan)(yan)重的不(bu)利影響。

四、必須加大農藥監管力度促進質量興農綠色興農舉措的有效實施

新修(xiu)訂(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)《農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)條(tiao)例(li)》頒布實(shi)施一周年了,為(wei)了更好(hao)(hao)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)強農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)督管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li),已將農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)生產(chan)(chan)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)使(shi)用(yong)等全程(cheng)監(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)職能劃歸農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業部門。因此,全面(mian)(mian)貫徹落(luo)實(shi)《農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)條(tiao)例(li)》是農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)監(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)當(dang)(dang)務之急,當(dang)(dang)前重點要抓(zhua)好(hao)(hao)兩方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工作。一方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)要勇于創新,敢于擔當(dang)(dang),盡職盡責(ze)做好(hao)(hao)法律(lv)賦予的(de)(de)(de)(de)四(si)項加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)強農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)監(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)行政許(xu)可(ke)(ke)工作,即農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)登(deng)記許(xu)可(ke)(ke)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)生產(chan)(chan)許(xu)可(ke)(ke)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)許(xu)可(ke)(ke)和農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)登(deng)記試驗(yan)許(xu)可(ke)(ke),在源頭上把好(hao)(hao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)監(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)關。國(guo)家在管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)上“減(jian)政放權”,大力推行政府“放管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)服”時(shi)期,增加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)和加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)強農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)行政許(xu)可(ke)(ke),說明國(guo)家和政府對(dui)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)監(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高度重視。另一方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)要更加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)扎(zha)實(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)抓(zhua)好(hao)(hao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)生產(chan)(chan)、經(jing)(jing)營(ying)、使(shi)用(yong)全過程(cheng)監(jian)(jian)督管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)各項具體措施落(luo)實(shi)。加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)強宣傳引(yin)導,鼓(gu)勵和支持農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)生產(chan)(chan)企業為(wei)質(zhi)量興農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong),綠色(se)興農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong),研制、生產(chan)(chan)高效低風險的(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)品種(zhong)。加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)強農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)市場(chang)監(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan),嚴格規范農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)行為(wei),尤(you)其是限(xian)用(yong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)定點經(jing)(jing)營(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)行為(wei);農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)系統平臺的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)設(she);嚴厲打擊制售假冒偽劣農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)違法犯罪行為(wei)等。加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)強農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)科學(xue)合理(li)(li)使(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)指導與監(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan),開展農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)安全使(shi)用(yong)監(jian)(jian)督檢查。特別是要在用(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)關鍵(jian)時(shi)期,深入鄉村和田間地頭,指導農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民科學(xue)用(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao),檢查農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)使(shi)用(yong)情(qing)況。

一是提高(gao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)登(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)科技(ji)水平,從源頭(tou)上把好準入退出(chu)(chu)關。依據《農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)管理(li)條例》認真執行農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)登(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji)(ji)政策,采取有(you)效(xiao)措施(shi),減少農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)登(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji)(ji)數量(liang),要增加(jia)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)登(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)科技(ji)含量(liang),提高(gao)登(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji)(ji)門(men)檻,嚴格審查相同有(you)效(xiao)成分(fen)和劑(ji)(ji)(ji)型的(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin),嚴格限(xian)制(zhi)混配(pei)制(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)登(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji)(ji)。鼓勵(li)使用(yong)低(di)毒低(di)害助劑(ji)(ji)(ji)和已登(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji)(ji)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)優(you)化(hua)配(pei)方或(huo)(huo)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)型,及時(shi)淘(tao)(tao)汰有(you)毒有(you)害助劑(ji)(ji)(ji)和落(luo)后(hou)的(de)(de)配(pei)方或(huo)(huo)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)型。加(jia)強和完(wan)善登(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji)(ji)后(hou)再評(ping)(ping)審制(zhi)度,建(jian)立健全農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)退出(chu)(chu)機(ji)制(zhi)。對已登(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji)(ji)15年以上的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin),尤(you)其是要對前幾年大量(liang)突擊(ji)由(you)臨時(shi)轉正式登(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin),開展全面的(de)(de)安全性和有(you)效(xiao)性監測(ce)評(ping)(ping)價,加(jia)快淘(tao)(tao)汰對農(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)量(liang)、人畜健康、生態環境風(feng)險高(gao)的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)。對已知的(de)(de)有(you)較(jiao)大危害或(huo)(huo)較(jiao)大風(feng)險的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin),不(bu)予延續登(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji)(ji),及時(shi)采取撤(che)銷(xiao)登(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji)(ji)、禁限(xian)用(yong)措施(shi),還要督促農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)生產(chan)(chan)經(jing)營單位及時(shi)召(zhao)回(hui)問題產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)。對現有(you)高(gao)毒農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin),本著“成熟一個(ge)、禁用(yong)一個(ge)”的(de)(de)原則,加(jia)強風(feng)險評(ping)(ping)估,有(you)序退出(chu)(chu),加(jia)快淘(tao)(tao)汰。支(zhi)持(chi)(chi)高(gao)效(xiao)低(di)毒低(di)殘留風(feng)險小農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)和生物農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)登(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji)(ji),支(zhi)持(chi)(chi)小宗作物用(yong)藥(yao)登(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji)(ji)。

二是依法(fa)加(jia)大農藥(yao)(yao)(yao)市場整治(zhi)力度,從(cong)農藥(yao)(yao)(yao)生產(chan)經(jing)營上把好質量關。杜絕低質劣(lie)質的農藥(yao)(yao)(yao)產(chan)品進入(ru)(ru)市場,杜絕無證無資質的生產(chan)經(jing)營者(zhe)進入(ru)(ru)農藥(yao)(yao)(yao)行業,必須持續開展農藥(yao)(yao)(yao)專(zhuan)項(xiang)整治(zhi),依法(fa)查處(chu)無證生產(chan)銷售(shou)農藥(yao)(yao)(yao)、制(zhi)售(shou)假劣(lie)農藥(yao)(yao)(yao)、非法(fa)經(jing)營使用禁限用農藥(yao)(yao)(yao)等違法(fa)犯罪行為,嚴格農藥(yao)(yao)(yao)違法(fa)人(ren)員禁業制(zhi)度。實行屬地管(guan)理、檢打聯動,專(zhuan)項(xiang)整治(zhi)與日常(chang)檢查相結合,推進網格化監(jian)管(guan)。

加強(qiang)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)產(chan)業(ye)調控,促進農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)轉型(xing)升級。鼓勵優(you)勢企(qi)(qi)業(ye)兼并重組,關(guan)停(ting)生產(chan)簡(jian)陋(lou)、環(huan)保條件差的眾多小農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)作坊。支持企(qi)(qi)業(ye)開展技術攻關(guan),提升創新能(neng)力(li),加快淘汰高(gao)(gao)污染高(gao)(gao)風險(xian)的落后產(chan)能(neng),研發高(gao)(gao)效低(di)(di)毒低(di)(di)殘留農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao),把好農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)生產(chan)關(guan)。引導農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)進入化工園區(qu)或工業(ye)園區(qu),遏制農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)盲目擴張和重復(fu)建(jian)設(she),提高(gao)(gao)集中(zhong)度(du),降低(di)(di)環(huan)境風險(xian)。

加強經(jing)(jing)營許可管理,對農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)經(jing)(jing)營者(zhe)(zhe)要嚴格按國家(jia)相(xiang)關(guan)法規和政府(fu)的(de)(de)相(xiang)關(guan)要求審核(he),把好農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)經(jing)(jing)營關(guan)。嚴格標準和資質,經(jing)(jing)營人(ren)員要具(ju)有(you)專業(ye)機(ji)構學習經(jing)(jing)歷,具(ju)有(you)指(zhi)導農(nong)民科學選藥(yao)(yao)用藥(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)知識(shi)和能力(li)。嚴格條件,經(jing)(jing)營者(zhe)(zhe)要配備(bei)可追(zhui)溯電子(zi)信息碼掃(sao)描識(shi)別設備(bei)和用于記載(zai)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)購銷(xiao)電子(zi)臺帳的(de)(de)計(ji)算(suan)機(ji)管理系統。

嚴格(ge)執行(xing)農藥質量監督抽查(cha)制(zhi)度(du),按(an)照“雙隨機(ji)一公(gong)開”的(de)原(yuan)則,組織開展轄區范圍內農藥產品(pin)質量的(de)監督抽查(cha),依(yi)法(fa)及(ji)時公(gong)布抽檢(jian)(jian)結果,建立企業(ye)誠信檔案(an)。加強農藥經(jing)營(ying)場所(suo)、經(jing)營(ying)人員、經(jing)營(ying)行(xing)為(wei)等(deng)的(de)檢(jian)(jian)查(cha),對(dui)不符合規定要(yao)求(qiu),依(yi)法(fa)撤銷經(jing)營(ying)許可(ke)證,對(dui)違法(fa)違規行(xing)為(wei),依(yi)法(fa)嚴肅查(cha)處。

三是持(chi)(chi)續(xu)開展(zhan)(zhan)農(nong)(nong)藥減(jian)(jian)量(liang)(liang)控(kong)(kong)害行(xing)動(dong),從農(nong)(nong)業生(sheng)產環(huan)節(jie)上把好使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)關。國家農(nong)(nong)業部門從2015年開始,組(zu)織開展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)“到2020年農(nong)(nong)藥使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)(liang)零(ling)增長(chang)行(xing)動(dong)”,有利于質量(liang)(liang)興(xing)農(nong)(nong),綠(lv)色(se)(se)(se)興(xing)農(nong)(nong)。科(ke)學選藥用(yong)(yong)(yong)藥,減(jian)(jian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)農(nong)(nong)藥用(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)(liang)是綠(lv)色(se)(se)(se)農(nong)(nong)業和(he)可持(chi)(chi)續(xu)發展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)基(ji)本(ben)要求。加(jia)快推進(jin)農(nong)(nong)藥減(jian)(jian)量(liang)(liang)增效行(xing)動(dong),推進(jin)綠(lv)色(se)(se)(se)防(fang)控(kong)(kong)減(jian)(jian)量(liang)(liang)步(bu)伐,用(yong)(yong)(yong)物(wu)理防(fang)控(kong)(kong)、生(sheng)物(wu)防(fang)控(kong)(kong),減(jian)(jian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)化(hua)學農(nong)(nong)藥使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)(liang),有利于大(da)幅增加(jia)綠(lv)色(se)(se)(se)優質農(nong)(nong)產品(pin)供給。還(huan)要努(nu)力改(gai)進(jin)施(shi)藥器械(xie),提(ti)升(sheng)植(zhi)保(bao)(bao)機械(xie)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)過程中的(de)(de)霧化(hua)和(he)沉降度(du),減(jian)(jian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)跑(pao)冒滴漏(lou),提(ti)高防(fang)治(zhi)效率。要加(jia)強技術培訓,指導農(nong)(nong)民(min)精(jing)準對(dui)靶施(shi)藥、對(dui)癥適(shi)時適(shi)量(liang)(liang)施(shi)藥,減(jian)(jian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)農(nong)(nong)藥使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)次數。指導農(nong)(nong)民(min)嚴格遵循農(nong)(nong)藥安(an)全(quan)(quan)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)準則,按照(zhao)安(an)全(quan)(quan)間隔期施(shi)藥。繼(ji)續(xu)貫徹(che)執(zhi)行(xing)“預(yu)防(fang)為主,綜合防(fang)治(zhi)”的(de)(de)科(ke)學植(zhi)保(bao)(bao)綠(lv)色(se)(se)(se)植(zhi)保(bao)(bao)方針,堅(jian)持(chi)(chi)突出(chu)重(zhong)(zhong)點、因地(di)制宜(yi),分(fen)區治(zhi)理、分(fen)類指導的(de)(de)原則,采取專業化(hua)防(fang)治(zhi)與群防(fang)群治(zhi)相(xiang)結合,綠(lv)色(se)(se)(se)防(fang)控(kong)(kong)與化(hua)學防(fang)治(zhi)相(xiang)結合,應急處置與持(chi)(chi)續(xu)治(zhi)理相(xiang)結合,綠(lv)色(se)(se)(se)植(zhi)保(bao)(bao)與專業化(hua)統(tong)(tong)防(fang)統(tong)(tong)治(zhi)相(xiang)結合,注(zhu)重(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)藥安(an)全(quan)(quan),實現農(nong)(nong)藥減(jian)(jian)量(liang)(liang),節(jie)本(ben)增效,保(bao)(bao)證防(fang)治(zhi)效果,保(bao)(bao)障農(nong)(nong)田生(sheng)態安(an)全(quan)(quan)。

四(si)是加(jia)(jia)快綠色農藥(yao)(yao)替(ti)代長殘留高(gao)毒高(gao)風(feng)險農藥(yao)(yao)步伐,以(yi)綠色農業可持續發展的(de)(de)新理念為引領把好品種(zhong)關(guan)。加(jia)(jia)大(da)生(sheng)物農藥(yao)(yao)、高(gao)效(xiao)低毒低風(feng)險環境友好型農藥(yao)(yao)替(ti)代長殘留高(gao)毒高(gao)風(feng)險農藥(yao)(yao)使(shi)用的(de)(de)力度,是農業生(sheng)產由增(zeng)產導(dao)向(xiang)向(xiang)提質導(dao)向(xiang)轉變的(de)(de)必然(ran)要求。近二十年(nian)(nian)以(yi)來(lai),國(guo)家已禁(jin)用了22種(zhong)高(gao)毒農藥(yao)(yao),高(gao)毒農藥(yao)(yao)產品登(deng)記的(de)(de)比例(li)從(cong)2007年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)35%降到了2017年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)2%以(yi)下。農業部有(you)關(guan)決策表示,將(jiang)繼續加(jia)(jia)大(da)力度,強化各項措施,加(jia)(jia)速高(gao)毒農藥(yao)(yao)退出(chu),對現有(you)的(de)(de)12種(zhong)高(gao)毒農藥(yao)(yao),按照“循序漸進、分步實施、多措并舉”的(de)(de)原則,2年(nian)(nian)內禁(jin)止使(shi)用2種(zhong),5年(nian)(nian)內逐步禁(jin)止使(shi)用剩余(yu)10種(zhong)。

與此同時(shi),國(guo)家加(jia)快了(le)低毒(du)低殘(can)留農藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)及生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)農藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)推廣應用(yong)。從2011年開始,農業(ye)部門就(jiu)開展(zhan)了(le)低毒(du)低殘(can)留農藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)使用(yong)補貼試點,組織專(zhuan)家制定(ding)低毒(du)低殘(can)留主要農藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)名錄,指導各地因地制宜(yi)選(xuan)擇使用(yong)。還大力(li)發展(zhan)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)農藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao),為農民(min)種植綠(lv)色健康的農產品提供(gong)保障。我國(guo)已登記生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)農藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)有效成分102個、產品3500多(duo)個,分別占(zhan)農藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)登記的16%和(he)10%,每年仍以4%左右(you)的速度遞增。據(ju)統計,我國(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)農藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)年產量(實物(wu)量)達到(dao)近30萬噸(包括原藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)和(he)制劑(ji)),約占(zhan)農藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)總產量的8%,生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)農藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)防治覆蓋(gai)率10%左右(you)。

要(yao)繼續(xu)深(shen)入推進農(nong)(nong)業供給側結構性(xing)改革(ge),以農(nong)(nong)藥殘留(liu)限量(liang)制定和減量(liang)控(kong)害為統領,全力助推質量(liang)興(xing)農(nong)(nong),以淘汰(tai)高毒農(nong)(nong)藥和使用低(di)毒低(di)風險農(nong)(nong)藥為重點,全面貫徹綠色興(xing)農(nong)(nong)。