記者：從公開的信息，我注意到農業部多次發布公告禁止一些獸藥用于食品動物。您能介紹下具體情況嗎？

答(da)：是的，為(wei)保障(zhang)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)產品質量安全(quan)，維護(hu)公共衛生安全(quan)，農業部(bu)近(jin)幾年(nian)不斷加大(da)獸藥風險評估和(he)安全(quan)再(zai)評價工作力度，近(jin)3年(nian)共禁(jin)(jin)(jin)止了8種獸藥用(yong)(yong)于食(shi)品動(dong)物(wu)(wu)。即2015年(nian)禁(jin)(jin)(jin)止洛美(mei)沙(sha)(sha)星(xing)、培氟(fu)沙(sha)(sha)星(xing)、氧(yang)氟(fu)沙(sha)(sha)星(xing)、諾氟(fu)沙(sha)(sha)星(xing)等(deng)4種人獸共用(yong)(yong)抗(kang)菌(jun)藥物(wu)(wu)用(yong)(yong)于食(shi)品動(dong)物(wu)(wu)，2017年(nian)禁(jin)(jin)(jin)止非(fei)潑羅尼(ni)用(yong)(yong)于食(shi)品動(dong)物(wu)(wu)，這次禁(jin)(jin)(jin)止喹乙(yi)醇、氨苯胂酸(suan)、洛克沙(sha)(sha)胂等(deng)3種獸藥用(yong)(yong)于食(shi)品動(dong)物(wu)(wu)。此外，2016年(nian)還禁(jin)(jin)(jin)止硫(liu)酸(suan)黏菌(jun)素預混(hun)劑(ji)用(yong)(yong)于動(dong)物(wu)(wu)促生長。

記者：近年來，獸用抗菌藥問題屢見報道，請問到底應該怎樣評價抗菌藥？

答(da)：兩句話。一(yi)是(shi)(shi)功(gong)不(bu)(bu)可沒(mei)。抗(kang)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)藥(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)出(chu)現和使(shi)用(yong)(yong)堪稱人(ren)類(lei)(lei)醫學史上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)奇跡(ji)，為人(ren)類(lei)(lei)健康(kang)(kang)(kang)作出(chu)了(le)不(bu)(bu)可磨滅的(de)(de)(de)貢獻(xian)。抗(kang)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)藥(yao)(yao)對動物(wu)(wu)(wu)疾(ji)病(bing)的(de)(de)(de)預防(fang)與控制作用(yong)(yong)同樣功(gong)不(bu)(bu)可沒(mei)，尤(you)其(qi)是(shi)(shi)對人(ren)畜(chu)(chu)共(gong)(gong)患病(bing)的(de)(de)(de)控制在一(yi)定程度上(shang)(shang)降低了(le)人(ren)類(lei)(lei)感染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)細菌(jun)(jun)(jun)性疾(ji)病(bing)的(de)(de)(de)幾(ji)率(lv)。許多致病(bing)性細菌(jun)(jun)(jun)，如(ru)大腸桿菌(jun)(jun)(jun)O157、副傷寒沙門(men)氏(shi)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)、金(jin)黃色葡萄球菌(jun)(jun)(jun)等(deng)(deng)(deng)，不(bu)(bu)僅會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)感染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)，而且會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)通(tong)過食物(wu)(wu)(wu)鏈(lian)感染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)人(ren)。如(ru)果不(bu)(bu)用(yong)(yong)抗(kang)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)藥(yao)(yao)治療，不(bu)(bu)但動物(wu)(wu)(wu)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)死亡，更重要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)越(yue)來越(yue)多的(de)(de)(de)病(bing)原會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)在環境中大量釋放，嚴(yan)重威(wei)脅人(ren)類(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)健康(kang)(kang)(kang)。因此(ci)，養殖(zhi)業使(shi)用(yong)(yong)抗(kang)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)藥(yao)(yao)，從“傳染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)源(yuan)”上(shang)(shang)切斷了(le)這些(xie)人(ren)畜(chu)(chu)共(gong)(gong)患病(bing)原菌(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)傳播(bo)，極大地減少了(le)人(ren)類(lei)(lei)感染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)這些(xie)人(ren)畜(chu)(chu)共(gong)(gong)患病(bing)的(de)(de)(de)幾(ji)率(lv)，在更深層面上(shang)(shang)保證了(le)食品安全和人(ren)類(lei)(lei)健康(kang)(kang)(kang)。第二句話，就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)規范使(shi)用(yong)(yong)。俗話說“是(shi)(shi)藥(yao)(yao)三分毒”，藥(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)都(dou)具有雙重作用(yong)(yong)。同樣，獸(shou)(shou)(shou)藥(yao)(yao)也是(shi)(shi)一(yi)把“雙刃(ren)劍”，合理使(shi)用(yong)(yong)可以防(fang)治動物(wu)(wu)(wu)疾(ji)病(bing)，促(cu)進養殖(zhi)業健康(kang)(kang)(kang)發(fa)展，不(bu)(bu)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)出(chu)現抗(kang)生(sheng)(sheng)素(su)殘留超標情(qing)況；但不(bu)(bu)規范用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)則會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)引發(fa)畜(chu)(chu)禽的(de)(de)(de)群體性危害，造成(cheng)獸(shou)(shou)(shou)藥(yao)(yao)殘留超標、產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)細菌(jun)(jun)(jun)耐藥(yao)(yao)性和畜(chu)(chu)禽產(chan)品質量安全等(deng)(deng)(deng)問題。所謂規范使(shi)用(yong)(yong)，就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)獸(shou)(shou)(shou)用(yong)(yong)抗(kang)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)藥(yao)(yao)經國家獸(shou)(shou)(shou)醫行政管(guan)理部門(men)批準的(de)(de)(de)，并(bing)嚴(yan)格(ge)按照產(chan)品標簽(qian)和說明書(shu)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)，包(bao)括使(shi)用(yong)(yong)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)對象(xiang)、適(shi)應癥、用(yong)(yong)法和用(yong)(yong)量、休藥(yao)(yao)期等(deng)(deng)(deng)。

記者：我國養殖業可以使用的獸用抗菌藥品種有多少？這些獸用抗菌藥是否安全？

答：目前我國批準(zhun)動物(wu)(wu)養殖業使用的(de)獸用抗(kang)菌(jun)藥(yao)分為(wei)(wei)抗(kang)生素和合成(cheng)抗(kang)菌(jun)藥(yao)兩大類(lei)(lei)(lei)，用于防治動物(wu)(wu)疾病和促(cu)生長(chang)。其(qi)(qi)中抗(kang)生素主要品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)有β－內酰胺類(lei)(lei)(lei)、氨(an)基(ji)糖苷(gan)類(lei)(lei)(lei)、四環(huan)素類(lei)(lei)(lei)等8類(lei)(lei)(lei)，共(gong)56個品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)；合成(cheng)抗(kang)菌(jun)藥(yao)主要品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)有磺胺類(lei)(lei)(lei)、喹諾酮(tong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)及其(qi)(qi)他合成(cheng)抗(kang)菌(jun)藥(yao)共(gong)3類(lei)(lei)(lei)，共(gong)45個品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)。其(qi)(qi)中允許(xu)添(tian)加到商品(pin)(pin)飼料(liao)(liao)中長(chang)期使用的(de)促(cu)生長(chang)抗(kang)菌(jun)藥(yao)物(wu)(wu)飼料(liao)(liao)添(tian)加劑有14個產品(pin)(pin)，這次禁止后就(jiu)減(jian)少(shao)為(wei)(wei)11個產品(pin)(pin)。

我國批(pi)準(zhun)(zhun)作為獸藥使用(yong)的(de)抗菌藥，在上(shang)市前均要履(lv)行嚴(yan)格的(de)審批(pi)手續，必須(xu)完(wan)成相關的(de)藥學、安全性和(he)藥效試驗，并經過嚴(yan)格評價和(he)嚴(yan)格審查后，方(fang)予批(pi)準(zhun)(zhun)生產、使用(yong)。對批(pi)準(zhun)(zhun)上(shang)市的(de)獸用(yong)抗生素均明確規(gui)定(ding)(ding)了使用(yong)范(fan)圍、使用(yong)劑量和(he)休藥期(qi)等注意事項(xiang)。若養殖過程中按照載明的(de)作用(yong)用(yong)途、用(yong)法用(yong)量和(he)休藥期(qi)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)，合理規(gui)范(fan)使用(yong)，動物產品就不會出現抗生素殘留超標(biao)問題。

記者：動物源性食品中含有抗菌藥殘留是否一定會對人體產生危害？

答：獸藥(yao)(yao)殘(can)(can)留量(liang)(liang)只有達到一(yi)定(ding)(ding)程度(du)，即超(chao)過規定(ding)(ding)的安全(quan)限(xian)量(liang)(liang)，才(cai)會對人體(ti)健(jian)康(kang)產生(sheng)危害(hai)。為此，國際食品(pin)法典委員會及(ji)歐美發(fa)達國家根據抗生(sheng)素的種類、使用目的等(deng)制定(ding)(ding)了肉蛋奶等(deng)畜禽產品(pin)中抗生(sheng)素殘(can)(can)留的安全(quan)限(xian)量(liang)(liang)標(biao)準，即最(zui)高殘(can)(can)留限(xian)量(liang)(liang)（MRL）。這個安全(quan)限(xian)量(liang)(liang)是假設人一(yi)生(sheng)中每天都攝入這個量(liang)(liang)也(ye)不引起任何(he)危害(hai)。農業(ye)部參照國際標(biao)準和歐美標(biao)準，也(ye)制定(ding)(ding)發(fa)布了我國《動物源性食品(pin)中獸藥(yao)(yao)殘(can)(can)留最(zui)高限(xian)量(liang)(liang)》標(biao)準。

根據MRL標(biao)準，人們(men)食用含獸藥殘留低于(yu)MRL標(biao)準的(de)動物(wu)源性(xing)(xing)食品(pin)是(shi)安(an)全(quan)的(de)，這(zhe)是(shi)嚴格按科學(xue)程序(xu)進行風險評估得出的(de)結論。在(zai)(zai)實(shi)際生產中，只要動物(wu)源性(xing)(xing)食品(pin)中獸藥殘留量低于(yu)規(gui)定(ding)的(de)安(an)全(quan)限量標(biao)準，該產品(pin)就(jiu)視為安(an)全(quan)，可以放心(xin)食用。現在(zai)(zai)有(you)些人認(ren)為只要動物(wu)源性(xing)(xing)食品(pin)中檢出獸藥殘留，就(jiu)認(ren)為其不(bu)安(an)全(quan)，這(zhe)是(shi)一種誤解。

記者：目前我國養殖業抗菌藥使用情況是怎樣的？

答：據(ju)行業調查初步(bu)統計，2016年度，全(quan)國(guo)獸用(yong)(yong)(yong)抗菌(jun)藥(yao)(yao)（含抗生素）原料藥(yao)(yao)產量(liang)為(wei)5.47萬噸(dun)，銷量(liang)為(wei)5.04萬噸(dun)。大家都(dou)知道，我(wo)國(guo)是一個畜牧飼養(yang)(yang)大國(guo)，2016年我(wo)國(guo)畜禽(qin)(qin)飼養(yang)(yang)量(liang)牛約1.58億頭、羊6.08億頭、豬11.2億頭、家禽(qin)(qin)182.72億只和兔(tu)7.39億只。這么大的飼養(yang)(yang)量(liang)，但我(wo)國(guo)畜禽(qin)(qin)養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)抗菌(jun)藥(yao)(yao)的使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)卻沒有因(yin)此而遞(di)增(zeng)。隨著養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)業方式轉變，綠色養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)的推(tui)進，我(wo)國(guo)養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)抗菌(jun)藥(yao)(yao)的使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)已呈現逐步(bu)規范、趨好的態勢。

記者：我也注意到，農業部正在對獸用抗菌藥實施綜合治理，重點將做哪些工作？

答：當前，細(xi)菌(jun)耐(nai)(nai)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)、獸(shou)(shou)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)殘留(liu)(liu)可以說全(quan)球關(guan)注、人(ren)民關(guan)切，為維護動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)源性(xing)(xing)食品安全(quan)和公共衛(wei)生(sheng)安全(quan)，農業部一(yi)直高度重視，多措并舉，深入開展獸(shou)(shou)用(yong)(yong)抗(kang)(kang)菌(jun)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)綜(zong)合治理(li)工作。2017年，制定實(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)《全(quan)國遏制動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)源細(xi)菌(jun)耐(nai)(nai)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)行(xing)(xing)(xing)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)計劃(hua)（2017-2020年）》。這個計劃(hua)是繼(ji)2015年“獸(shou)(shou)用(yong)(yong)抗(kang)(kang)菌(jun)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)綜(zong)合治理(li)五(wu)(wu)年行(xing)(xing)(xing)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)方案(an)”之后，又(you)一(yi)項措施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)更(geng)(geng)具體(ti)、目標更(geng)(geng)明(ming)確、更(geng)(geng)有針對性(xing)(xing)的(de)獸(shou)(shou)用(yong)(yong)抗(kang)(kang)菌(jun)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)治理(li)頂層設計。該計劃(hua)明(ming)確了(le)今(jin)后一(yi)個時(shi)期的(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)目標、主要(yao)任務、技術路線和關(guan)鍵措施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，著力推(tui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)實(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)促生(sheng)長獸(shou)(shou)用(yong)(yong)抗(kang)(kang)菌(jun)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)逐(zhu)步(bu)退出等6大行(xing)(xing)(xing)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)：一(yi)是實(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“退出行(xing)(xing)(xing)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)”，推(tui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)促生(sheng)長用(yong)(yong)抗(kang)(kang)菌(jun)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)逐(zhu)步(bu)退出；二是實(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“監管行(xing)(xing)(xing)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)”，強化獸(shou)(shou)用(yong)(yong)抗(kang)(kang)菌(jun)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)監管；三是實(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“監測(ce)行(xing)(xing)(xing)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)”，組織實(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“全(quan)國動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)源細(xi)菌(jun)耐(nai)(nai)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)性(xing)(xing)監測(ce)計劃(hua)”；四是實(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“監控(kong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)”，強化獸(shou)(shou)用(yong)(yong)抗(kang)(kang)菌(jun)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)殘留(liu)(liu)監控(kong)；五(wu)(wu)是實(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“示范行(xing)(xing)(xing)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)”，開展獸(shou)(shou)用(yong)(yong)抗(kang)(kang)菌(jun)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)使用(yong)(yong)減量化示范創建；六是實(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“宣(xuan)教行(xing)(xing)(xing)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)”，加強從業人(ren)員培訓(xun)和公眾宣(xuan)傳教育。

2018年，我(wo)們將多(duo)措并舉，強化監管，重(zhong)點打好“產好藥(yao)”“少用(yong)藥(yao)”“用(yong)好藥(yao)”三張牌，努(nu)力(li)實現“用(yong)藥(yao)減量、產品安全”的目標。

記者：您能具體介紹下“退出行動”和“示范行動”？

答：促(cu)生(sheng)長用(yong)抗(kang)菌(jun)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物逐步(bu)退出行(xing)動(dong)，就是對(dui)目前批準使(shi)用(yong)的(de)人獸(shou)共用(yong)抗(kang)菌(jun)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)和藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物飼料(liao)添加劑分(fen)門別類實施(shi)風(feng)險(xian)評(ping)估，實施(shi)“三(san)步(bu)走”策略(lve)，到2020年完成風(feng)險(xian)評(ping)估工作，淘汰(tai)存在安(an)(an)全隱患品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)。開(kai)展獸(shou)用(yong)抗(kang)菌(jun)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物使(shi)用(yong)減量(liang)化示范(fan)創建(jian)(jian)行(xing)動(dong)，就是貫徹(che)落實鄉村振興戰略(lve)和食(shi)品(pin)(pin)安(an)(an)全戰略(lve)，堅持走綠色(se)發展之路，在養(yang)殖(zhi)大縣(xian)、全國綠色(se)養(yang)殖(zhi)示范(fan)縣(xian)、水產(chan)健(jian)康養(yang)殖(zhi)示范(fan)縣(xian)和具有規模養(yang)殖(zhi)的(de)國家農產(chan)品(pin)(pin)質量(liang)安(an)(an)全縣(xian)（市(shi)）選擇(ze)生(sheng)豬、奶牛等優(you)勢畜(chu)種(zhong)，開(kai)展獸(shou)用(yong)抗(kang)菌(jun)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物使(shi)用(yong)減量(liang)化示范(fan)創建(jian)(jian)，探索使(shi)用(yong)安(an)(an)全、高(gao)效(xiao)、低(di)殘留的(de)中獸(shou)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)等產(chan)品(pin)(pin)替(ti)代抗(kang)菌(jun)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物。

通過促(cu)生長(chang)用抗(kang)菌(jun)藥(yao)物退(tui)出、獸用抗(kang)菌(jun)藥(yao)物使(shi)用減(jian)量化示范以(yi)及(ji)加(jia)強(qiang)對從(cong)業人員的宣傳培訓、教育，推動在畜禽養殖(zhi)過程中(zhong)減(jian)少抗(kang)菌(jun)藥(yao)物的使(shi)用，特別是促(cu)生長(chang)抗(kang)菌(jun)藥(yao)物飼料添加(jia)劑的使(shi)用。

記者：執業獸醫在抗菌藥物使用環節扮演著重要角色，請問農業部在執業獸醫隊伍建設、作用發揮方面有哪些舉措？

答：我國(guo)執(zhi)業獸(shou)(shou)(shou)醫(yi)(yi)制(zhi)度(du)確立以(yi)來，農業部(bu)和(he)各級獸(shou)(shou)(shou)醫(yi)(yi)部(bu)門采取積(ji)極措施，建立健全(quan)執(zhi)業獸(shou)(shou)(shou)醫(yi)(yi)管(guan)理規(gui)章制(zhi)度(du)，組織開(kai)(kai)展(zhan)全(quan)國(guo)執(zhi)業獸(shou)(shou)(shou)醫(yi)(yi)資格(ge)考(kao)(kao)試，目(mu)前全(quan)國(guo)共有7.3萬人(ren)取得(de)執(zhi)業獸(shou)(shou)(shou)醫(yi)(yi)師資格(ge)，也就是說有7.3萬人(ren)具備(bei)了(le)開(kai)(kai)具獸(shou)(shou)(shou)醫(yi)(yi)處方的條件，這對于獸(shou)(shou)(shou)用(yong)處方藥(yao)和(he)非(fei)處方藥(yao)制(zhi)度(du)的實施，起到了(le)非(fei)常重要的支撐作用(yong)。為滿足畜(chu)牧業發展(zhan)和(he)動物產品質量安全(quan)對執(zhi)業獸(shou)(shou)(shou)醫(yi)(yi)的需求，下一步，農業部(bu)將重點(dian)開(kai)(kai)展(zhan)以(yi)下工作：一是繼續組織開(kai)(kai)展(zhan)全(quan)國(guo)執(zhi)業獸(shou)(shou)(shou)醫(yi)(yi)資格(ge)考(kao)(kao)試，不斷擴大和(he)充實執(zhi)業獸(shou)(shou)(shou)醫(yi)(yi)隊伍；二是按照防疫(yi)法和(he)農業部(bu)有關規(gui)章的規(gui)定，大力推(tui)動畜(chu)禽養殖、診(zhen)療(liao)等場所配備(bei)執(zhi)業獸(shou)(shou)(shou)醫(yi)(yi)；三(san)是推(tui)進(jin)獸(shou)(shou)(shou)醫(yi)(yi)社會化服(fu)務發展(zhan)，鼓勵建立以(yi)執(zhi)業獸(shou)(shou)(shou)醫(yi)(yi)為主體(ti)的獸(shou)(shou)(shou)醫(yi)(yi)社會化服(fu)務組織，面向簽約(yue)養殖場戶提供“一條龍式(shi)”或“菜單式(shi)”獸(shou)(shou)(shou)醫(yi)(yi)服(fu)務。

需要指出的(de)(de)是，鄉(xiang)村(cun)獸(shou)(shou)醫作為國(guo)家認可的(de)(de)準(zhun)入(ru)類職業(ye)資格(ge)，依法可在《鄉(xiang)村(cun)獸(shou)(shou)醫基(ji)本用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)目錄》范(fan)圍(wei)內使用(yong)(yong)獸(shou)(shou)用(yong)(yong)處方藥(yao)。目前，我國(guo)已經(jing)建立(li)了(le)30萬余人(ren)的(de)(de)鄉(xiang)村(cun)獸(shou)(shou)醫隊(dui)伍(wu)(wu)，在基(ji)層動物診療(liao)、用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)方面發揮(hui)了(le)積極作用(yong)(yong)，成為執業(ye)獸(shou)(shou)醫隊(dui)伍(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)有(you)益補(bu)充(chong)。