一、黃豆種植技術之嚴格選用優良品種

由(you)于去年秋季氣候干旱(han)，黃豆(dou)收獲時生理(li)上可能沒有(you)正常成熟，機械脫粒(li)使(shi)種胚(pei)受(shou)(shou)傷可能性(xing)加(jia)大，這些都會(hui)影響種子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)發芽率。因此今春(chun)要嚴格選(xuan)種，最好采用粒(li)選(xuan)，把受(shou)(shou)傷種子(zi)剔除(chu)，并做好發芽試驗，保(bao)證純度和發芽率達標，選(xuan)用品質優、增產(chan)潛力大、適應性(xing)廣的(de)(de)(de)品種。值得注意的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)，由(you)于全球溫室效應影響，近幾(ji)年年積(ji)溫有(you)增加(jia)趨(qu)勢，但(dan)一定要根據當(dang)地的(de)(de)(de)氣象條件，合理(li)安排品種熟期，杜(du)絕越區種植現象發生，否則秋收時種子(zi)含水量偏高，會(hui)造(zao)成不必要的(de)(de)(de)損(sun)失(shi)。

二、黃豆種植技術之搞好播前種子處理

一是播前(qian)曬(shai)種(zhong)。曬(shai)種(zhong)一般能使發芽率提(ti)(ti)高(gao)13%左右(you)，提(ti)(ti)早(zao)出(chu)苗2～3天。二是藥劑(ji)(ji)拌(ban)種(zhong)或(huo)種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)包(bao)衣。溫度低或(huo)遇干旱時，種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)在土壤中萌發時間長(chang)，易遭受病蟲害，可用(yong)黃(huang)豆(dou)種(zhong)衣劑(ji)(ji)按藥種(zhong)比1∶75～100防治(zhi)。防治(zhi)黃(huang)豆(dou)根(gen)腐病可用(yong)種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)量(liang)0.5%的50%多福合劑(ji)(ji)或(huo)種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)量(liang)0.3%的50%多菌靈拌(ban)種(zhong)。蟲害嚴重的地(di)塊要選用(yong)既(ji)含殺菌又(you)含殺蟲劑(ji)(ji)的包(bao)衣種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)，未(wei)經包(bao)衣種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)，需用(yong)35%甲基硫(liu)環磷乳油(you)拌(ban)種(zhong)，以防治(zhi)地(di)下害蟲。拌(ban)種(zhong)劑(ji)(ji)可添加(jia)鉬酸銨，以提(ti)(ti)高(gao)黃(huang)豆(dou)出(chu)苗率和固(gu)氮(dan)能力。

 三、黃豆種植技術之選用適宜的播種方式

去(qu)秋封凍前(qian)土壤(rang)底墑水分(fen)不足，今春降雪(xue)多于往年。建議(yi)黃豆田(tian)應避免采取(qu)活雪(xue)措施(shi)，以免水分(fen)過(guo)早蒸發(fa)，在黃豆播種期土壤(rang)形成干旱。未經秋翻地(di)塊采取(qu)原壟卡種，秋翻起壟地(di)塊采取(qu)平(ping)播后起壟或平(ping)作窄行(xing)密植(zhi)，土壤(rang)墑情(qing)較(jiao)差地(di)塊采取(qu)深(shen)開(kai)溝(gou)、淺(qian)覆土、重鎮(zhen)壓(ya)，干旱嚴

四、黃豆種植技術之搶墑播種爭取一次保全苗

盡管(guan)今年春(chun)雪較(jiao)多，由(you)于去年秋天的(de)干(gan)旱，底墑(di)仍不足，要抓住地(di)溫回升的(de)有利時(shi)機，利用早春(chun)“返漿水(shui)”搶墑(di)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。當耕層(ceng)地(di)溫穩定通(tong)過5℃時(shi)可(ke)(ke)以進(jin)(jin)行(xing)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，并連續作業(ye)防止土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)水(shui)分(fen)散失。可(ke)(ke)采取深(shen)(shen)開(kai)溝、淺覆土(tu)(tu)、重鎮(zhen)(zhen)壓(ya)的(de)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)方法。深(shen)(shen)開(kai)溝以確保(bao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子播在(zai)濕(shi)土(tu)(tu)上，覆土(tu)(tu)均勻，鎮(zhen)(zhen)壓(ya)后(hou)達到2厘米，確保(bao)播深(shen)(shen)一致。播后(hou)鎮(zhen)(zhen)壓(ya)保(bao)墑(di)。土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)墑(di)情(qing)(qing)適宜時(shi)，播后(hou)2～3小時(shi)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)鎮(zhen)(zhen)壓(ya)；土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)墑(di)情(qing)(qing)較(jiao)差時(shi)應(ying)隨播隨壓(ya)；土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)濕(shi)度大（含水(shui)量>25%）或(huo)播后(hou)遇雨的(de)地(di)塊，需(xu)待地(di)表出(chu)現2厘米干(gan)土(tu)(tu)層(ceng)時(shi)再進(jin)(jin)行(xing)鎮(zhen)(zhen)壓(ya)。播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)以后(hou)要定期查田(tian)。播后(hou)3～5天開(kai)始查墑(di)情(qing)(qing)，對(dui)失墑(di)嚴重的(de)地(di)塊，采取措施(shi)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)補墑(di)；在(zai)出(chu)苗(miao)(miao)前查芽情(qing)(qing)，對(dui)芽干(gan)、壞種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)地(di)塊，及時(shi)坐水(shui)補種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；出(chu)苗(miao)(miao)后(hou)查苗(miao)(miao)情(qing)(qing)和蟲(chong)情(qing)(qing)，對(dui)缺苗(miao)(miao)斷(duan)條或(huo)遭受蟲(chong)害的(de)地(di)塊，補種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)早熟品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)或(huo)藥劑防治。

五、黃豆種植技術之推進測土配方施肥

長期以(yi)來，不少地方(fang)單憑經驗進行(xing)施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)，造成(cheng)土壤營養元素不平(ping)衡，生產(chan)上易出現缺鉀(jia)(jia)(jia)、缺微量元素等現象。要(yao)結(jie)合(he)農業(ye)部實施(shi)的測土配方(fang)施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)項目(mu)，堅持(chi)科(ke)學施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)，根據測土結(jie)果，將氮、磷(lin)、鉀(jia)(jia)(jia)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)按照一定比例(li)配方(fang)施(shi)入(ru)。提(ti)倡(chang)秸稈還田(tian)、氮肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)分期施(shi)或緩施(shi)，根據土壤鉀(jia)(jia)(jia)素狀況，增施(shi)鉀(jia)(jia)(jia)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)，適(shi)當補充(chong)鎂肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)。鼓(gu)勵(li)多施(shi)農家肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)，結(jie)合(he)整地施(shi)入(ru)。化肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)做(zuo)種肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)時(shi)要(yao)深施(shi)于種下(xia)4～5厘(li)米，以(yi)免燒種。建議(yi)在(zai)以(yi)上施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)原則(ze)基(ji)礎上，不同產(chan)量目(mu)標時(shi)施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)量如下(xia)：（1）產(chan)量水(shui)平(ping)250公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)/畝(mu)(mu)：氮肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)（N）2.7～4公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)/畝(mu)(mu)，磷(lin)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)（P2O5）2.3～5公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)/畝(mu)(mu)，鉀(jia)(jia)(jia)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)（K2O）2.3～5公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)/畝(mu)(mu)。（2）產(chan)量水(shui)平(ping)200公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)/畝(mu)(mu)：氮肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)（N）2.3～3.7公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)/畝(mu)(mu)，磷(lin)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)（P2O5）1.5～4.3公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)/畝(mu)(mu)，鉀(jia)(jia)(jia)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)（K2O）1.5～4公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)/畝(mu)(mu)。（3）產(chan)量水(shui)平(ping)150公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)/畝(mu)(mu)：氮肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)（N）3公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)/畝(mu)(mu)，磷(lin)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)（P2O5）3.7公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)/畝(mu)(mu)，鉀(jia)(jia)(jia)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)（K2O）3.3公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)/畝(mu)(mu)。

六、黃豆種植技術之安全高效使用除草劑

要因地(di)制宜(yi)，根據(ju)不同草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)相(xiang)，科學合(he)理選擇(ze)安全(quan)高(gao)(gao)效(xiao)的(de)(de)化學除(chu)(chu)(chu)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)方式及(ji)除(chu)(chu)(chu)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)劑。中西部(bu)易旱區，提(ti)(ti)倡(chang)苗后莖(jing)葉(xie)除(chu)(chu)(chu)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)。為(wei)防止藥害發生(sheng)，在白漿土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)、鹽堿土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)、砂(sha)壤(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)、土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)水份較(jiao)(jiao)大的(de)(de)黃豆(dou)田不宜(yi)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)嗪草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)酮(tong)、2，4-D丁酯或含此類藥劑的(de)(de)配方進(jin)(jin)行封(feng)閉除(chu)(chu)(chu)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)。鑒于今年(nian)冬雪大、回暖早，有利(li)于多年(nian)生(sheng)雜(za)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)提(ti)(ti)前(qian)(qian)(qian)萌(meng)發的(de)(de)特(te)點，可(ke)在黃豆(dou)播種(zhong)后拱(gong)土(tu)(tu)(tu)前(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)明草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)期，使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)甘膦進(jin)(jin)行滅生(sheng)性除(chu)(chu)(chu)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)，可(ke)有效(xiao)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)對“苣荬菜”、“刺兒(er)菜”等多年(nian)生(sheng)宿(su)根性雜(za)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)的(de)(de)防效(xiao)。苗前(qian)(qian)(qian)封(feng)閉除(chu)(chu)(chu)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)，如果(guo)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)墑情較(jiao)(jiao)好(hao)(hao)，按除(chu)(chu)(chu)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)劑使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)說明書正常用(yong)(yong)量除(chu)(chu)(chu)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)，黃豆(dou)田可(ke)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)乙草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)胺(an)(an)、異丙草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)胺(an)(an)、異丙甲草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)胺(an)(an)、異噁草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)松、丙炔氟草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)胺(an)(an)（速(su)收）等藥劑。如果(guo)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)墑情比較(jiao)(jiao)差，不建議封(feng)閉除(chu)(chu)(chu)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)。苗后莖(jing)葉(xie)除(chu)(chu)(chu)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)，可(ke)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)精喹禾靈(ling)、高(gao)(gao)效(xiao)氟吡甲禾靈(ling)（高(gao)(gao)效(xiao)蓋草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)能(neng)）、精吡氟禾草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)靈(ling)（精穩(wen)殺得）、氟磺(huang)胺(an)(an)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)醚(mi)、稀(xi)禾啶、苯(ben)達松等藥劑。“苣荬菜”、“刺兒(er)菜”莖(jing)葉(xie)防除(chu)(chu)(chu)時(shi)期為(wei)黃豆(dou)第一(yi)片復葉(xie)全(quan)展(zhan)期，既可(ke)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)防效(xiao)，又可(ke)減輕藥害。鴨(ya)趾草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)的(de)(de)莖(jing)葉(xie)防除(chu)(chu)(chu)，一(yi)定要在雜(za)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)剛(gang)發芽時(shi)用(yong)(yong)藥。最好(hao)(hao)不使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)普(pu)施特(te)、豆(dou)磺(huang)隆、虎畏、闊(kuo)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)清、廣滅靈(ling)等長(chang)殘效(xiao)除(chu)(chu)(chu)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)劑。

七、黃豆種植技術之科學防治病蟲害

今年持續(xu)暖(nuan)冬對(dui)(dui)黃(huang)豆(dou)(dou)(dou)病(bing)菌和病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)卵(luan)安全(quan)越(yue)冬極為(wei)(wei)有利，黃(huang)豆(dou)(dou)(dou)病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)害可(ke)能偏重(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)生(sheng)。要(yao)根(gen)(gen)據(ju)當地(di)(di)(di)病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)危(wei)害情況和防治的(de)主要(yao)對(dui)(dui)象(xiang)(xiang)，有針(zhen)對(dui)(dui)性地(di)(di)(di)選(xuan)擇種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)衣(yi)(yi)劑(ji)，全(quan)面實(shi)施(shi)黃(huang)豆(dou)(dou)(dou)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)包(bao)衣(yi)(yi)。在(zai)二(er)(er)條(tiao)葉甲(jia)、蛇(she)根(gen)(gen)潛蠅(ying)發(fa)生(sheng)較重(zhong)(zhong)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)，使用(yong)35%多克(ke)福種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)衣(yi)(yi)劑(ji)（克(ke)百威含量必(bi)須(xu)達(da)到10%），以(yi)控(kong)制(zhi)因蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)傷引起的(de)根(gen)(gen)腐(fu)病(bing)發(fa)生(sheng)。在(zai)地(di)(di)(di)下害蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)發(fa)生(sheng)較輕(qing)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)，可(ke)使用(yong)2.5%適樂時包(bao)衣(yi)(yi)防治黃(huang)豆(dou)(dou)(dou)根(gen)(gen)腐(fu)病(bing)。黃(huang)豆(dou)(dou)(dou)胞囊線蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)重(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)生(sheng)區(qu)，應實(shi)行與非豆(dou)(dou)(dou)類(lei)作物五年以(yi)上(shang)的(de)輪作或種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植抗線品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。防治黃(huang)豆(dou)(dou)(dou)根(gen)(gen)絨粉蚧，要(yao)抓住(zhu)醒蟄(zhe)后尚未固定為(wei)(wei)害的(de)低(di)齡若(ruo)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)期，每畝用(yong)75%吡蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)啉3克(ke)加(jia)48%毒死蜱60毫(hao)(hao)升(sheng)，于黃(huang)豆(dou)(dou)(dou)子(zi)葉出(chu)土(tu)前和子(zi)葉展開后兩次施(shi)藥。蠐螬(cao)發(fa)生(sheng)嚴重(zhong)(zhong)的(de)地(di)(di)(di)塊，應使用(yong)辛(xin)硫磷、毒死蜱等顆粒(li)劑(ji)隨種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)肥施(shi)入田間進(jin)行預防。今春應加(jia)大對(dui)(dui)二(er)(er)條(tiao)葉甲(jia)、蒙古灰(hui)象(xiang)(xiang)甲(jia)、網目沙潛、斑須(xu)蝽等害蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)預防。可(ke)用(yong)3%啶(ding)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)咪每畝50毫(hao)(hao)升(sheng)對(dui)(dui)水30～50升(sheng)噴霧防治。地(di)(di)(di)老(lao)虎可(ke)在(zai)苗期早期采用(yong)青(qing)(qing)草誘殺(sha)，割(ge)青(qing)(qing)草間隔5米堆成堆，在(zai)堆底噴灑80%敵(di)敵(di)畏(wei)300倍液，也可(ke)實(shi)施(shi)人工捕殺(sha)。此(ci)外，重(zhong)(zhong)迎茬(cha)地(di)(di)(di)塊要(yao)注意出(chu)苗后用(yong)毒餌防治鼠(shu)害。

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